4.3.2 Contemporary Theravada reassessment - the "Jhana wars".
4.2.2 Development and application of concentration.3.2.2 Rūpa jhāna and the arūpas, followed by liberating insight.3.2.1 Rūpa jhāna followed by liberating insight.3.2 Five possibilities regarding jhāna and liberation.3.1.2 Possible Buddhist transformation of yogic practices.In the Chan/Zen-tradition this practice is ultimately based on Sarvastivāda meditation techniques transmitted since the beginning of the Common Era. In Buddhist traditions of Chán and Zen (the names of which are, respectively, the Chinese and Japanese pronunciations of dhyāna), as in Theravada and Tiantai, anapanasati (mindfulness of breathing), which is transmitted in the Buddhist tradition as a means to develop dhyana, is a central practice. Since the 1980s, scholars and practitioners have started to question these positions, arguing for a more comprehensive and integrated understanding and approach, based on the oldest descriptions of dhyāna in the suttas. In the contemporary Theravāda-based Vipassana movement, this absorbed state of mind is regarded as unnecessary and even non-beneficial for the first stage of awakening, which has to be reached by mindfulness of the body and vipassanā (insight into impermanence). In the later commentarial tradition, which has survived in present-day Theravāda, dhyāna is equated with "concentration", a state of one-pointed absorption in which there is a diminished awareness of the surroundings. In the oldest texts of Buddhism, dhyāna ( Sanskrit: ध्यान) or jhāna ( Pali: 𑀛𑀸𑀦) is a component of the training of the mind ( bhavana), commonly translated as meditation, to withdraw the mind from the automatic responses to sense-impressions, "burn up" the defilements, and leading to a "state of perfect equanimity and awareness ( upekkhā- sati- parisuddhi)." Dhyāna may have been the core practice of pre-sectarian Buddhism, in combination with several related practices which together lead to perfected mindfulness and detachment. Buddha depicted in dhyāna, Amaravati, India
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